Health & Nutrition > Easy Keepers
How to Keep Weight off Your Horse:
Managing the Easy Keeper
June, 2007
Does your horse:
- Gain weight eating air?
- Founder every spring on grass?
- Have a cresty neck?
If so, your horse could be insulin resistant, part of a newly recognized problem
in horses called Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS). Equine Metabolic Syndrome is defined
as a syndrome of: 1) obesity and/or regional adiposity, 2) insulin resistance and
3) chronic laminitis in middle-aged horses (8 to 18 years old).
The first sign, obesity, means a horse has a body condition score of 7 or above
on a scale of 1 = emaciated and 9 = obese. The term "regional adiposity"
refers to the cresty neck and other fat pads EMS horses have: behind the shoulder,
at the wither, above the tail head, over the eyes, and in the sheath of male horses.
The second sign, insulin resistance, is the failure of tissues to respond appropriately
to insulin. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the uptake
of glucose (sugar) by tissues when glucose is abundant, such as after a meal. Finally,
the third sign, laminitis, is inflammation of the sensitive laminae in the horse’s
hoof, called “founder" as it progresses in severity.
Although there is a strong genetic influence to EMS, obesity is the primary problem
that sets off the cascade of metabolic abnormalities. Here is a list of breeds especially
prone to EMS:
- Morgans
- Saddlebreds
- Paso Finos
- Peruvian Pasos
- domesticated Spanish Mustangs
- certain warmblood lines
- some pony breeds
The theory is that certain breeds have a "thrifty gene" when it comes
to metabolizing their food, and years ago learned to get by on very few calories.
Now that we bring them into enclosed areas and feed them grains (especially sweet
feed) without requiring much work, those thrifty genes cause fat to be stored in
unusual locations. In addition, this particular fat has a large blood supply and
is very active, producing its own hormones that serve to cause more fat to be stored,
creating a vicious cycle.
Once a horse is diagnosed with EMS--through physical appearance, routine blood tests,
and specific insulin and glucose tests--the treatment is simple but not easy: reverse
the obesity. Getting a horse to lose weight requires a three-pronged approach:
- Increase exercise
- Feed a strict diet
- Supplement as necessary
Increase exercise
Here are some guidelines for increasing exercise, which has been shown to improve
insulin sensitivity itself. First, if your horse has already developed laminitis,
force him to exercise only under the close supervision of your veterinarian. Second,
increase the workload of any horse slowly and gradually build up the time and intensity.
Third, understand that turnout does not equal exercise.
Feed a strict diet
Feeding an EMS horse correctly takes a bit more effort. In general, these horses
should be taken completely off pasture and only fed hay for forage. In the past,
experts recommended this hay be analyzed to make sure non-structural carbohydrates
were less than 10-12%. Now they recommend hay be analyzed for water-soluble carbohydrates,
ethanol-soluble carbohydrates, and starch.
Next, stop feeding grain, especially if it is a sweet feed loaded with molasses
(sugar). Put the horse on a ration balancer or multi-vitamin/mineral supplement
so that minimum daily nutritional requirements are met. Sometimes balancing the
diet for trace minerals crucial to proper metabolism is all that is required to
restore an EMS horse to health.
Supplement as necessary
Finally, consider if supplementing with additional ingredients may be beneficial.
For example, EMS is associated with a high degree of oxidative stress throughout
the body, so experts recommend feeding antioxidants such as Vitamin E to combat
these dangerous free radicals. The minerals chromium and magnesium, as well as the
vitamin biotin and the amino acid taurine have all been shown to improve insulin
sensitivity, and may help support healthy metabolic function. A startling discovery
in a Bethesda, Maryland, USDA lab suggests cinnamon may lower blood sugar levels,
and is being used by human diabetics. Other herbs such as Gymnema silvestri, Bitter
melon, fenugreek, Banaba leaf and others may also help in the regulation of blood
sugar.
How to Keep Weight off Your Horse: Managing the Easy Keeper
By: Lydia F. Gray, DVM, MA
SmartPak Staff Veterinarian and Medical Director
June 2007